Compare the Evidence of a Nordic Presence in the Americas

Comp argon the inference of a Nordic forepart in the Americas sooner the arriver of capital of Ohio with the distinguish of a atomic routine 74 African presence during that period. It has been said by historians that the Nordics and the air jacketward Africans were in the Americas before Columbus arrived in 1492. Though curtilage, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as spontaneous sagas, tracing routes which it was said they took, artifacts, raddled be, among former(a)s, cave in been imbed to prove that they could chip in been save thither are placid debates as to whether or not they really came to the Americas before Columbus.Some believe that the evidence of the presence of the Nordics is more admissible than that of the West Africans. The Norse ( as well as known as the Vikings) got their name from the dustup they spoke, Old Norse. They were originally from Scandinavian countries. It believed that they came to the in the altogether instal valet de chambre for several rea male childs such as the fact that it had a well-to-do supply of salt to preserve their goods, they were explorers, the coarse they lived in, Greenland, soon became over populated and they go through a great famine in 975. It is also believed that at that place was a governmental unrest between the cans in blue Europe. on that point has been many plots of evidence to support the opening that the Vikings were, in fact, present in the new gentlemans gentleman during the pre-columbian era. Some of the settements of the Vikings were found, exempt standing, such as York and Dublin. There was not such(prenominal) written records on the Viking so most of their history was passed pour down orally through sagas, through which we primary heard of their exploration into Europe and the Americas, on that point were two sagas which survived these are the Greenlanders Saga and The Saga of Erik the Red. The sagas pick out that the Vikings interacted and raftd with the native community that they found in the Americas.The sagas led to the finding of roughly potent evidence such as the archaeologic remains found in modfoundland and there it was observe that there was a Viking resolving in the town called LAnse aux Meadows, in this town historians discovered that the Vikings did travel bring forward southeasterly into the Americas and explored the land they spoke of in their sagas, Vinland. When they ventured further down into Vinland historians discovered butternut tree wood and butternuts, which were not native to the bowl so it is believed that the Vikings brought it there from further south (lands surrounding the Gulf of St.Lawrence). Other artifacts such as architectural structures, woodworking items, gravy boat rivets and personal items were found in the share, which historians date backrest to about AD cat valium with the employment of scientific method. An some other tall(prenominal) piece of evidence found in Vinland was a Norse coin which was found off the coast of Maine and was go out back to between AD1065-1080 which suggests that there was interaction of these people and the indigenous peoples. This gave historians physical evidence that coincided with the oral sagas. All this evidence pre-dates European comer by as early as 500 familys.It is also believed that the West Africans came to the New public centuries before the arrival of Columbus. Ivan forefront Sertima is one of many who argue that West Africans make contact with the new World before Columbus. According to Sertima the Africans travelled from the African coast from the north to the west and cut crosswise the Atlantic. According to the famous Egyptian Scholar, Ibn Fadi Al-Umari, in 1342, there were two large voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, before Columbus voyage, two of these voyages were pioneered by one man, Mansa (king) Abubakari II. In the year 1311, Abubakari abdicated his thrown to Mansa Musa.Not a son of his son but in fact his brother. He (Abubakari) equipped 1000 of his carrys with the finest men, sorcerers, physicians, sailors and navigators. E precise ship had supply ship attached to it. The number of ships totalled 2000. The other 1000 ships were loaded with foodstuffs, drugs, fruits and drinks to suffer his team for 2yrs. It was believed that Abubakari arrived on the other leftover of the Atlantic in the year 1312. establishment of the Malian expedition can be noted in the names given(p) to places in Haiti as the Malians renamed places after themselves. Examples of such are Mandinga Port, Mandinga Bay and Sierre de Mali.It is said that the African mariners that came to the western hemisphere were looking for trade and knowledge of what lied beyond their coasts. They brought with them botany and fauna, cloth, their scientific knowledge, technology and the arts. Modern experiments have shown that the ancient African boats could have made the journey across the seas to the new world as th ey were strong luxuriant. Boat builders in Central Africas Lake chad made a papyrus craft that was sailed from North Africa to Barbados in eastern Caribbean in 1969, there were standardized journeys that showed that still the small boats could with have survived these crossings.Some of the evidence that the West Africans were in fact present in the region before Columbus arrival are the linguistic continuities in the region, an example of this is when it was enter that the indigenous peoples referred to the Africans as gigabyte which was the depression piece of evidence that west Africans were in the region, it, however, was not seen as strong enough by many historians to hold up such a theory. There were no written evidence that they were there, it could be anticipate that they could have been lost, or destroyed as it was seen that the Europeans were not always tolerant of these other cultures in their explorations.History has recorded almost incidents where the books of na tives and loved metals and gems were destroyed (in the case of the precious metals and gems, they were utilize or melted down) by the Europeans when they came to the land of the natives, as they saw some of these as pagan items. Another piece of evidence found by historians were the archaeological remains that were found, the age of these remains were dated back according to how deep the archaeologist had to dip for it.The successive layers of dirt unless built up over time, so the archaeologists knew the date of the dirt layer thus the date of the artifacts to the layer which was found. Additional evidence that supported the thesis that some(prenominal) these cultures came in contact came from clear evidence of the facial nerve features of the images and figures, which were done exploitation various materials such as clay, gold and copper that were found in the relics which were dug up.The images and figures found in the relics were unmistakably inspired by an African as the phenotypical and cultural characteristics were all the way of an African origin, this could be told by their colouration, the impressiveness of lip, prognathism, scarification, tattoo markings, beards, kinky hair, generously fleshed noses, and even in some instances, identifiable coiffures, flip kerchiefs, helmets, compound earrings (Sertima 1976). Also, there were huge dealer sculptures which were discovered in the Central and south-central America that also had African features.Skeletal remains which belonged is believed to have belonged to Africans were found. Further evidence is seen in the religious rituals of the people in Mexico, as their gods and ceremonies are closely modelled to those of the African society. Also, the use of shells as currency rather than just now symbolic items and also the botanical continuities such as the presence of species of African origin, for example banana, jack bean, yam and others. Other evidence which came directly from the natives the mselves when they explained to the Europeans that they received an alloy called guanine from the Africans, the alloy which they spoke of consisted of a flux of precious metals. It was also noted that some of the artifacts of the natives which Columbus collected, such as the cloths used by the natives closely matched the weave, colouration and ardour of cloths used by African communities in Guinea. An explorer, Balboa, also recorded that he came across scattered groups of people who looked very much like Africans in regions that he had discovered.This shows that the Europeans themselves came across Africans in the region. There is also the scientific evidence ( marineography) which points to the fact that the Africans were very capable of getting to the new world before Columbus, The Atlantic Worlds coastline was linked to the African coastline by the ocean currents which moved between the two areas, which meant that the Africans who were seen in the Americas would not have had any problems use these ways to make their way to the new world.In both cases, as relating the presence of the Nordics and the west Africans in the western hemisphere before Columbus, the main problem is the fact that there are not much written accounts by the people themselves, and so it is swooning to call the evidence inadmissible as in the world today facts are based on what is written in the books.There is, however, more admissible evidence for the Nordics as it relates to how they got the western hemisphere as there route can be traced easily, though it is said that the Africans got to the western hemisphere using Pacific current known as the Kouro-Siwo and the Equatorial currents of the Atlantic Ocean. In both case, settlements were uncovered, and evidence of things they left behind such as flora and fauna, personal items among other things.It can be said that though there was not much written accounts of their presence, there is sufficient evidence that they had, indeed, been present in the Americas in the pre-columbian era.BIBLIOGRAPHY Africaspeaks. com Bornblackmag. org Campbell, prat and Heather Cateau. History for the Caribbean in the Atlantic World. Ghanaweb. com Shepherd, Verene Liberties Lost. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, Worker. org